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The paper is available at https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewAAES32021330.

The paper introduces an approach to estimating maximum power from wind turbines using action mechanics. Challenging the widely-used continuum mechanism, the direct approach in this paper integrates (over blade radii) the rate of impulsive wind action on turbine blades as torques exerted on rotor surfaces. Using this model, the paper predicts a mechanism for release of vortical field energy in downstream wakes.

As a result, the model can guide achievement of maximum power output by wind farms. Further, the model suggests significant heat release in downwind wakes, requiring careful choice of location. We argue that the approach in this example is applicable to a wide range of physical systems.

Download the supplementary material, which shows a first-principles calculation of the integral in the paper, equivalent to a Riemann sum, and learn how the principles can be implemented on physical systems.